Aurangzeb was the sixth Mughal emperor of India, reigning for nearly half a century from 1658 to 1707. His rule is marked by extensive territorial conquests, significant administrative reforms, and controversial policies that left a lasting impact on the Indian subcontinent. While he expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest territorial extent, his reign also sowed the seeds of its eventual downfall. This essay highlights Aurangzeb's early life, rise to power, major accomplishments, and the legacy he left behind.
Childhood and Early Life
Born as Abul Muzaffar Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb on November 4, 1618, in Dahod, Gujarat, Aurangzeb was the third son of Emperor Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal. At the time of his birth, his father held the position of governor of Gujarat, but Shah Jahan would soon rise to become the Mughal Emperor in 1628. Aurangzeb displayed remarkable bravery and intelligence from a young age, quickly rising through the ranks of the Mughal administration.
At just 18 years old, he was appointed Viceroy of the Deccan, a region in southern India, where he displayed his military prowess by successfully annexing the Rajput kingdom of Baglana. His early conquests earned him recognition from his father, who later appointed him as the governor of Gujarat, Multan, and Sindh. Throughout his tenure as a governor, Aurangzeb demonstrated administrative competence, but his ambition grew, and he eventually set his sights on the Mughal throne, leading to fierce rivalry with his brothers.
Accession to the Throne
Aurangzeb's ascension to power was marked by ruthlessness and determination. In 1657, Emperor Shah Jahan fell gravely ill, leading to a war of succession among his sons. Dara Shikoh, the eldest, was his father's chosen successor, but Aurangzeb saw an opportunity to claim the throne for himself. After a brutal war with his brothers, Aurangzeb emerged victorious. His military strategy and political cunning were evident as he not only defeated his rivals but also imprisoned his father, Shah Jahan, in the Agra Fort, where he spent the remainder of his life.
Aurangzeb's accession was not without controversy. His actions were seen as cold-hearted, especially his imprisonment of his father and the killing of his brothers and nephew. Yet, he saw these measures as necessary to secure his position as emperor. On June 13, 1659, Aurangzeb was officially crowned the Mughal Emperor at the Red Fort in Delhi, assuming the title Alamgir, meaning "Conqueror of the World."
Aurangzeb's Reign: Expansion and Rebellions
Aurangzeb's reign was marked by significant territorial expansion. He was a highly aggressive and ambitious ruler who sought to bring as much of the Indian subcontinent under his control as possible. He continued the military campaigns of his predecessors, but unlike them, Aurangzeb was more focused on consolidating Mughal authority through strict governance and military dominance.
One of his major military achievements was the conquest of Bijapur and Golconda, two significant Deccan Sultanates. By annexing these territories, Aurangzeb extended Mughal control in southern India, further increasing the empire's size to over 3.2 million square kilometers. He also expanded his empire into the far south, conquering regions like Tanjore (Thanjavur) and Trichinopoly (Tiruchchirappalli).
However, his expansionist policies were not without consequences. Aurangzeb faced numerous rebellions throughout his reign, the most significant being the Maratha, Rajput, Jat, and Sikh revolts. His harsh policies, including the imposition of discriminatory taxes on non-Muslims and the destruction of Hindu temples, led to widespread dissent. The Marathas, under the leadership of Shivaji, posed a particularly strong challenge to Mughal authority, resulting in prolonged warfare between the Mughals and Marathas, known as the Mughal-Maratha Wars.
Religious Policies and Intolerance
Aurangzeb's religious policies have been a subject of considerable debate and criticism. Unlike his predecessors, who were relatively tolerant of other religions, Aurangzeb was an orthodox Sunni Muslim who sought to impose Islamic law throughout his empire. He abandoned the liberal religious policies of his great-grandfather, Akbar, and sought to make India an Islamic state.
One of his most controversial policies was the re-imposition of the jizya, a tax on non-Muslims, which had been abolished by Akbar. This tax, combined with the dismissal of Hindus from government positions, fueled resentment among the non-Muslim population. Aurangzeb also ordered the destruction of Hindu temples and restricted the celebration of Hindu festivals. His religious intolerance extended to other faiths as well; he demolished Christian settlements near European trading factories and had the ninth Sikh Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, executed for refusing to convert to Islam.
These policies not only alienated the Hindu population but also contributed to the rise of regional rebellions. The Marathas, Rajputs, and Sikhs all resisted Aurangzeb's authoritarian rule, leading to decades of warfare that drained the Mughal treasury and weakened the empire's military strength.
Major Battles and Military Campaigns
Aurangzeb's reign was characterized by constant warfare, both in terms of expansion and in quelling rebellions. The most significant of these conflicts was the Mughal-Maratha Wars, which lasted from 1680 until Aurangzeb's death in 1707. These wars were triggered by Aurangzeb's invasion of the Maratha enclave in Bijapur, which had been established by Shivaji.
Despite his initial successes, Aurangzeb struggled to maintain control over the Marathas, who employed guerrilla warfare tactics to resist the Mughal forces. The prolonged conflict with the Marathas severely weakened the Mughal Empire, both financially and militarily. By the time of Aurangzeb's death, the empire was in a state of decline, with large parts of southern India effectively under Maratha control.
Aurangzeb also fought against the Rajputs, who had traditionally been loyal allies of the Mughals. His decision to break ties with the Rajput rulers of Mewar and Marwar led to a series of rebellions that further strained the empire's resources. The Jats and Sikhs also rose in rebellion during Aurangzeb's reign, resisting his attempts to impose Mughal authority over their territories.
Personal Life and Legacy
Aurangzeb's personal life was as complex as his reign. He was married several times, with his first and chief wife being Dilras Banu Begum. His other wives included Nawab Bai, Aurangabadi Mahal, Udaipuri Mahal, and Zainabadi Mahal. He fathered many children, including his daughters Zeb-un-Nissa and Zinat-un-Nissa, and his sons Muhammad Azam Shah, Bahadur Shah I, and Sultan Muhammad Akbar.
Despite his vast wealth and power, Aurangzeb lived a simple and frugal life. He preferred modest clothing and simple meals, setting an example of humility for his courtiers. He was also known to be a skilled calligrapher, spending hours perfecting his handwriting and producing beautiful pieces of calligraphy. His devotion to his faith was another defining feature of his character. He spent much of his time engaged in religious activities, such as prayer and reading the Quran.
Aurangzeb died on February 20, 1707, at the age of 88. His death marked the beginning of the end for the Mughal Empire. Although he had expanded the empire to its greatest territorial extent, his constant warfare, religious intolerance, and harsh policies had weakened the foundations of the empire. His successors lacked the political acumen and military skill to maintain the vast empire he had built, leading to its rapid decline in the decades following his death.
Facts About Aurangzeb
- Skilled calligrapher: Aurangzeb was a skilled calligrapher and had a passion for writing. He spent hours perfecting his handwriting and creating beautiful pieces of calligraphy.
- Simple and frugal life: Despite being a powerful emperor, Aurangzeb lived a simple and frugal life. He preferred modest clothing and simple meals, setting an example of humility for his courtiers.
- Patron of the arts and architecture: Aurangzeb was a patron of the arts and architecture, commissioning several impressive buildings and monuments during his reign. He had a keen eye for design and encouraged the flourishing of art and culture in his empire.
- Devout Muslim: Aurangzeb was a devout Muslim and dedicated a significant portion of his time to religious activities such as prayer and reading the Quran. He was known for his piety and commitment to his faith.
